Annual report: The Kjell Henriksen Observatory 2022

Fred Sigernes, Lisa Baddeley, Mikko Syrjäsuo, Dag Lorentzen, Noora Partamies, Emma Bland, Katie Herlingshaw, Nina Kristine Eriksen, Charlotte van Hazendonk and Ida Elen Asklund ¹

The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), Norway
¹ Statsbygg Region North Svalbard, Norway

Name	Position
Fred Sigernes	Prof. Optics and Atmos. res./ Head KHO / Prof. II NTNU
Mikko Syrjäsuo	Head engineer KHO
Noora Partamies	Prof. Middle Atmos. physics
Dag Arne Lorentzen	Prof. Space physics / Head of Geophysics & SuperDARN
Lisa Baddeley	Associate Prof. Space physics - radar applications
Emma Bland	Researcher Middle Atmos. physics - radar applications
Katie Herlingshaw	Postdoc. Upper Atmos. physics
Nina Kristine Eriksen	PhD. Student Space physics
Charlotte van Hazendonk	PhD. Student Space physics
Ida Elen Asklund	Operations manager Statsbygg

Table 1. The Kjell Henriksen Observatory crew (2022).

The current crew of KHO is listed above. Fred Sigernes headed and had the daily operational responsibility together with Mikko Syrjäsuo. Ida Elen Asklund is our contact from the Norwegian Construction and Property Management Department (Statsbygg) in Longyearbyen who owns the building.

KHO serves as the main laboratory for hands on training and teaching of students in the Space physics group at UNIS. Here they are trained on observational techniques, instrument building and introduced to the state-of-the-art facilities for remote observations of the aurora.

Fig. 1. AGF-216 students on excursion to EISCAT (A) and KHO (B). (Photo Pål Brekke).

A grand total of 82.5 ECTS (European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System) have been taught. Table 2 lists 7 relevant courses in space physics and instrumental techniques tied to the observatory.

Code	Course name	ECTS
AGF-216	The Stormy Sun and the Northern Lights	5
AGF-301/801	The Upper Polar Atmosphere	15
AGF-304/804	Radar Diagnostics of Space Plasma	15
AGF-345/845	Polar Magnetospheric Substorms	10
AGF-210	The middle polar atmosphere	15
AGF-223	Remote sensing and space instrumentation	15
TTK-4265	Optical Remote Sensing (NTNU)	7.5

Table 2. Courses in (2022).

During the auroral winter season from November to the end of February, 31 optical instruments operate around the clock. The 16 non-optical instruments run all-year-round 24 hours a day.

The instruments at KHO are grouped into mainly five categories (##):

(A) All-sky cameras and narrow field of view imagers

(B) Meridian scanning photometers

(C) Spectrometers / Spectrographs

(D) Scanning / imaging interferometers

(E) Radio or non-optical instrument

A detailed description of the performance and the scientific objective of each instrument are found below.

No.	Instrument	Institution	##	Country
1	All-Sky Imager	University of Oslo (UiO)	A	Norway(NO)
2	All-Sky Video Camera	University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS)	A	NO
3	All-Sky Colour Imager	University College London (UCL)	A	England
4	BACC All-Sky Color Camera	UNIS	A	NO
5	Sony A7s All-sky Camera	UNIS	A	NO
6	All-Sky Airglow Camera	UNIS	A	NO
7	Auroral Spectrograph	National Inst. of Polar Research (NIPR)	C	Japan
8	NIR Spectrograph	NIPR	C	Japan
9	NIR Camera	NIPR	A	Japan
10	Spectrographic Imaging Facilities	University of Southampton	C	England
11	Meridian Scanning Photometer	UNIS	B	USA/NO
12	1/2m Black Ebert-Fastie	UNIS	C	USA/NO
13	1/2m White Ebert-Fastie	UiT-The Arctic University of Norway	C	NO
14	1m Silver Ebert-Fastie	UNIS	C	USA/NO
15	1m Green Ebert-Fastie	UNIS	C	USA/NO
16	Fabry-Perot Interferometer	UCL	D	England
17	Scanning Doppler Imager	UCL	D	England
18	Monochromatic Auroral Imager	Polar Research Inst. of China (PRIC)	A	China
19	Single-wave Auroral Imager	PRIC	A	China
20	Fabry-Perot Interferometer	PRIC	D	China
21	All-Sky Airglow Imager	Kyoto University	A	Japan
22	Hyperspectral tracker	UNIS	C	NO
23	All-Sky hyperspectral camera	UNIS	C	NO
24	Celestron 14" Telescope	UNIS	A	NO
25	Narrow field of view sCMOS tracker	UNIS	A	NO
26	Meridian Imaging Svalbard Spectrograph	UNIS	C	NO
27	The Hot Oxygen Doppler Imager	New Jersey Institute of Technology	D	USA
28	Aurora All-Sky Camera	Korea Polar Research Institute	A	Korea
29	Boreal Auroral Camera Constellation	UNIS	A	NO
30	Fluxgate Magnetometer	UiT	E	NO
31	2-axis Search-coil Magnetometer	Augsburg College and University of New Hampshire	E	USA
32	64-beam Imaging Riometer	UiT	E	NO
33	Auroral Radio Spectrograph	Tohoku University	E	Japan
34	3x GNSS Receivers	Nagoya University	E	Japan
35	HF acquisition system	Institute of Radio Astronomy / UiT	E	Ukraine
36	Scintillation and TEC receiver	University of Bergen	E	NO
37	Fluxgate Magnetometer	PRIC	E	China
38	Induction Magnetometer	PRIC	E	China
39	Polar Research Ionospheric Doppler Experiment	UNIS/Polish research base Hornsund	E	Poland/NO
40	UCB-GNSS receiver	University of Colorado Boulder	E	USA
41	2 x Tracker cameras	UNIS	A	NO
42	Internet radio link-Janssonhaugen	NORSAR	E	NO
43	UHF Ground station	National Institute for Aeronautics	E	Indonesia
44	UHF Ground station	Technische Universität Berlin	E	Germany
45	VHF base station	Kongsberg Satellite Service AS	E	NO
46	Automatic weather station	UNIS	E	NO
47	3xWEB cameras (safety)	UNIS	A	NO

Table 3. Instruments at the Kjell Henriksen Observatory (2022).

22 different institutions from 10 nations are present at KHO. Figure 1 shows a map of where the instruments are located. Table 3 lists all according to institution and category (##). Number 8, 9, 27 and 40 are new instruments installed in 2022. Note that out of 30 instrument domes; 4 are currently not in use.

The Principal Investigators (PIs) of each instrumental group have been informed according to contracts that there will be an increase of 10% on the annual accommodation fee for each instrumental unit / module effective from January 2023.

The electrical noise generated by the emergency gas-discharge light tubes was thought to be the reason for electrical noise. The Silver bullet spectrometer is still detecting random large spike count noise patterns. This noise seem to have disappeared after using ferrite ring on signal cable to counter card. Statsbygg have decided to swap all lighting with Light Emitting Diodes (LED) and replace the electrical heat panels in order to save power. A new ventilation system is also planned to optimize the use of heat to the domes. The plan is to use heat from the battery room as input instead of just venting it out. Care should be taken to avoid electrical noise.

Two urgent item remains to be fixed. The fresh water supply tubes are made of copper and needs to be replaced with stainless steel tubes in order to prevent future erosion and water leaks. This is highly recommended back in 2020 by the chief technician Espen Helgesen at the EISCAT Svalbard radar, where eroded copper pipes caused extensive water damage and total inside renovation and repairs.

Secondly, Svalbard Bygg AS promised to improve their solution to fix leaks between the domes and the roof. This has failed. New designed domes from Talbot design are ordered and LNS Spitsbergen will try to make new roof lids that are water proof. If successful, all domes will be replaced.

The UPS system was up for a major 10-year service in 2022. All 256 6V cells are replaced by new ones in order to secure service lifetime guarantee by the supplier, Schneider Electric. High on the wish list is a diesel emergency generator to secure the battery bank from total drain during unexpected external power failure. This has happened twice the last two years, which led to decrease of battery lifetime.

The transfer of data between our servers and clients should be encrypted to increase data security. HTTPS should be enabled to avoid clear text communication. Both Google and Apple have started to insist on TLS/SSL encryption for their apps, which directly affects any further updates and development of our Aurora Forecast 3D app. The server side of the app is currently hosted by the KHO web server. It also applies to secure communication during rocket campaigns. This matter has high priority.

The solution will be to update the network switches and use virtual Windows servers for both data storage and web service. UNIS IT has started the work. All users of the observatory will be notified when the new regime is active.

PRIDE project Congratulations to Masters student Cecily Noaillac from ISAE Supaero, Toulouse who has completed her Masters project named: Waves in the ionosphere detected using the Polar Research Ionospheric Doppler Experiment (PRIDE). The project has finalized the set up of a new instrument and database at KHO. December 12, 2022

Calibration lecture We are pleased to announce iEarth internship report by Raphael Deirmendjian about calibration stability of the Silver Bullet spectrometer aimed at long term mesospheric temperature retrieval. Well done, Raphael! Youtube lecture and link to report here. November 10, 2022

50 ambassadors! In mid-October we were lucky to host a massive visit of 50 ambassadors to the observatory. The trip was organized by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. After 2 lectures at UNIS, 2 bus trips and 4 rides with our bandwagons, the ambassadors were transported up to KHO and informed about our activity. Link to Svalbardposten (Norwegian) here. October 12, 2022

Outstanding paper award Congratulation to our PhD student Marie Bøe Henriksen for receiving the 2022 Outstanding paper award at the 12th Workshop on Hyperspectral Image and Signal Processing: Evolution in Remote Sensing (WHISPERS) in Rome, Italy. Marie has taken a closer look at wavelength calibration. View ceremonial event. Link to paper here. September 16, 2022

3D model of KHO Ever wondered what KHO looks like in 3D from all thinkable angles? Stop wondering, and take a look here at the drone based work of iEarth PhD student Rafael Kenji Horota. Link to model here. August 9, 2022

HYPSO-1 works! We are proud to report together with NTNU AMOS that our satellite named HYPSO (HYPer-spectral Satellite for ocean Observation 1) is working as planned. Access English reader post here. Norwegian translation published in Svalbardposten. July 12, 2022

The Rise of Phoenix The rise of the Svalbard SuperDARN radar masts have been completed by our Postdocs and PhD students, also known as the Snowdrift girls. The original radar was hit hardly by extreme icing conditions back in late October 2018. Good job! Goto Facebook video link May 11, 2022

La Professora Partamies! We congratulate Noora on becoming a full Professor in Middle atmospheric physics at the Geophysical department at UNIS. She has a long history with us, first as a student back in 96 and now she has become a top dog. Well done Noora! Mars 11, 2022

Chronicle in Agderposten The one and only, our Prof. II Pål Brekke has written a news article about Svalbard’s unique position to study the dayside aurora in Agderposten. One of Norway’s largest newspapers. Read article here Mars 5, 2022

Night at the Observatory Read Maria Philippa Rossi’s excellent story of UNIS AGF-301 students staying a night at the observatory. Here they learn how to connect-the-dots between space weather and aurora. Read article here February 24, 2022

HSIv6 published! Congratulation to our PhD student Marie Bøe Henriksen. She has published a Do It Yourself (DIY) paper in Optica on the Hyper Spectral Imager (HSI) version 6, which is a prototype instrument for the HYPSO satellite. The journal reports it as one of the 10 Top downloads from February. Read paper here February 16, 2022

HYPSO-1 launched! HYPer-spectral Smallsat for ocean Observation (HYPSO) was launched today at 15:25UT by a SpaceX Falcon-9 rocket from Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The satellite contains a hyperspectral imager that is constructed by students at NTNU AMOS based on a design developed at KHO. Salute! We are now space born! Info:[Press release] [HYPSO-1] [Launch] January 13, 2022

Several new groups and instruments have finally joined the observatory after the pandemic. The Hot Oxygen Doppler Imager (HODI) from New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) is a custom made interferometer aimed to study ion-neutral coupling of the F-region plasma to the upper thermosphere. Likewise, The Polar Research Institute of China (PRIC) has installed a Fabry-Perot interferometer designed by Keo Scientific Ltd. from Canada. The aim is to determine high altitude velocity and density by detecting doppler shifts and broadening of the 557.7 and 630 nm emission lines from airglow and aurora.

The National Institute of Polar Research of Japan (NIPR) has installed the Near InfraRed Aurora Camera (NIRAC) and the Near InfraRed Aurora and airglow Spectrograph-2 (NIRAS-2). The observation focuses on dayside magnetosphere-ionosphere-atmosphere coupling processes by focusing on emission lines in the Near Infra Red (NIR) region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

In addition, the Satellite Navigation and Sensing Laboratory (SeNSe) from the University of Colorado Boulder has installed a next generation Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver to study space weather and propagation effects.

Our knowledge in hyperspectral imaging has been exported to NTNU and successfully launched into space onboard the HYPSO-1 (HYPer-spectral Smallsat for ocean Observation) satellite. HYPSO-2 is close to launch with an improved version of our spectral imager. Furthermore, prototype work has started to design a new hyperspectral imager with focus on higher spatial resolution. The latter is planned launched on HYPSO-3. A spaceborne partnership with Cybernetics at NTNU has proven to be vital, especially in terms of student recruitment, teaching and science projects.

Finally, we are pleased to announce that the Svalbard Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) radar is close to operative after the breakdown due to heavy icing back in 2018. Additional supporting steel poles have been put into the ground at each end of the two mast arrays. The masts are now made more sturdy in solid aluminum.

Numerous presentations, visits and interviews have been conducted at KHO over the years. The Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs organized a visit of 50 ambassadors in October. The Aurora Forecast 3D app is rated as 4.6 by 173 reviewers and has reached over 50k+ active installs on Google Play for Android. On Apple iOS phones it is rated 4.2 with 979 active users. The app is believed to be popular mainly in the auroral tourist industry and in the amateur radio community. The Facebook page for KHO has 1.6k+ followers.

The main purpose of KHO is to study processes in the magnetospheric cusp and how it connects to interactions between the Sun and our atmosphere. The unique location and the multi-disciplinary instrumental infrastructure such as radars and optics enable us to study the whole atmospheric vertical column to obtain a better understanding of space- and planetary weather.

A vital key in this concept is to upgrade, develop and compare instruments as novel technology and knowledge emerge. Therefore, the aim is to strengthen the co-operation with our existing groups and invite new ones. We wish to be upfront as an attractive partner to large scale rocket and satellite campaigns both on the instrumental and observational side.

The access to internal UNIS research funding is very important. It enables us to preserve the instrumental momentum and helps us keep track of new technology as it arrives. It seeds our research plans and proposals and is therefore strategically important to us. This must not be underestimated compared to our external funding which is more tied up or locked to predefined proposal tasks.

The threats to KHO remain unchanged as identified in the last three-yearly reports. The main threat is the lifetime of Mine 7, which was expected to operate for a maximum of 17 more years. The Norwegian Government has decided that a new power plant for Longyearbyen with low CO₂ emissions should outsource the current one which is fueled by coal. As a response, SNSK has decided to close Mine 7 by 2023. This is now prolonged by local government to 2025. This forces us to evaluate and discuss several scenarios up front.

One immediate question arises: who will fund and maintain the road up to the observatory?

Note that the state of the road from the foot of the mountain and up to Mine 7 is good with new safety car protection. The overall situation has become uncertain and forces us to think on how to adapt to the new state of affairs and politics to secure KHO.

If we stay co- located with the EISCAT Svalbard radar, the access to the mountain keeping the road up the mountain open all year, will most probably increase the operational costs. If we must move due to light pollution, then we will need a new road and infrastructure further away from Longyearbyen and Bolterdalen. One alternative could be to move deep into Adventdalen. Note that this is not compatible with the environmental plan to make inner Adventdalen a conservation area. Our concerns should be taken seriously in order to secure our mandate from the Norwegian Parliament to operate an auroral observatory and respect the taxpayer's contribution.

The second threat for our operation is the growing number of dog yards by the foot of the mountain and the increasing light pollution they produce. When driving from Longyearbyen into Adventdalen the illumination from these yards look like a small city. This was not the case when we built KHO back in 2008. Numerous attempts through Svalbardposten to encourage to at least turn OFF lights when they are not in use have failed. Dialog is not working even though we have a political consensus from the local government that light pollution should be kept to a minimum. An action plan is needed, or KHO will have to move if the situation continues.

It is a paradox that the tourist industry does not seem to understand the value of dark skies and aurora.

The access to data from KHO is open with quick looks and instrumental snapshots in real-time on this web server. Raw data is available on requests to the PIs of the instruments. Data from KHO are archived to the Norwegian e-infrastructure for Research and Education, UNINETT Sigma 2, using the project Svalbard Space Physics Storage for long-term storage.

The homepage of the observatory is one of the first on Svalbard dating back to the late 80's when internet became available at the old Aurora station in Adventdalen. Its design has changed over the years to adapt to new browsers and computers. It is also huge in size containing a lot of data and information. The current design should be compatible with both computer screen and mobile devices.

It took almost 3 months of work to convert it. No third-party web editor is used. It contains hard coded html text and scripts to keep it simple and fast to change on the fly. Hope you enjoy it!

The activity at the Kjell Henriksen Observatory (KHO) has been high in 2022 recovering from the corona pandemic. The observatory has been fully operative since the start of the optical season in November. It is still attractive to the space science community with 22 external groups from 10 nations present. 4 new instruments are installed and a new improved SuperDARN radar is raising out of the ashes. The major highlights were Noora Partamies appointment to full Professor, 6 graduated students and Marie Bøe Henriksen's outstanding paper award. With the export of spectral knowledge to the mainland university NTNU - a new space physics power house have emerged in the arctic with the launch of the HYPSO-1 satellite.

It proves that the bold decision by our politicians headed by the former Minister of Education and Research Kristin Clemet and her State Secretary Bjørn Haugstad 18 years ago was correct. Next year at 18^th of February 2023 it is 15 years ago that the Minister of research and Higher Education Tora Aasland and astronaut Christer Fuglesang officially opened KHO.

1. Cecily Noaillac, Master, Waves in the ionosphere detected using the Polar Research Ionospheric Doppler Experiment (PRIDE), University of Toulouse, December 2022.
2. Raphael Deirmendjian, Silver Bullet Calibration, iEarth internship report, ECAM LaSalle, August 2022.
3. Alexia Tachet, Master, Auroral detection in coloured auroral images, ENSTA Bretagne, France, 2022.
4. Vincent Teissier, Master, Automatic morphological classification of auroral structures, ENSTA Bretagne, France, 2022.
5. Sveinung Seltveit, Master, Auroral dunes: Bores or boring?, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, 2022.
6. Claudia Buck, Bachelor, Survey of pulsating aurora at high latitudes and the comparison to pulsating aurora at low latitudes, FH Aachen, University of Applied Sciences, Germany, 2022.

1. Fred Sigernes, Tor Arne Johansen and Marie Bøe Henriksen, Norges første forskningssatellitt virker som den skal, Svalbardposten, Juli 2022. (English translation of reader post here)

1. M. E. Grøtte, R. Birkeland, E. Honore-Livermore, S. Bakken, J. L. Garrett, E. F. Prentice, F. Sigernes, M. Orlandic, J. T. Gravdahl, T. A. Johansen, Ocean Color Hyperspectral Remote Sensing with High Resolution and Low Latency - the HYPSO-1 CubeSat Mission, IEEE Trans. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 60, pp. 1-19, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2021.3080175
2. M. Henriksen, E. Prentice, C. van Hazendonk, F. Sigernes, and T. Johansen, Do-it-yourself VIS/NIR pushbroom hyperspectral imager with C-mount optics, Opt. Continuum 1, 427-441 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTCON.450693
3. Fasel, G. J., Mann, J., Lee, L. C., Lee, S. H., Sigernes, F., Robison, A., & Tarditi, S. (2022). Northeastward-moving auroral forms from possible high-latitude reconnection. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, 127, e2021JA029927. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JA029927
4. Alfonsi, L., Bergeot, N., Cilliers, P., De Francaschi, G., Baddeley, L. et al. Review of Environmental Monitoring by Means of Radio Waves in the Polar Regions: From Atmosphere to Geospace. Surv Geophys 43, 1609-1698 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-022-09734-z
5. Partamies, N., Whiter, D., Kauristie, K., and Massetti, S.: Magnetic local time (MLT) dependence of auroral peak emission height and morphology, Ann. Geophys., 40, 605-618 (2022), https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-605-2022
6. Martines-Bedenko V., Pilipenko V., Hartinger M., and Partamies N., Conjugate properties of Pi3/Ps6 pulsations according to Antarctica-Greenland observations, Russian Journal of Earth Sciences, vol 22, no. 4, 2022.
7. Bland, E., Bozo ki, T., and Partamies, N., Spatial extent of the energetic electron precipitation region during substorms, Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Science, https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2022.978371, 2022.
8. Partamies, N., Tesema, F., and Bland, E., Appearance and Precipitation Characteristics of High- Latitude Pulsating Aurora, Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Science, 9:923396, https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2022.923396, 2022.
9. van Hazendonk, C.M., Heino, E., Jiggers, P.T.A., Taylor, M.G.G.T., Partamies, N., Mulders, H.J.C., Cutoff latitudes of solar energetic particle events measured by GPS satellites, Journal of Geophysical Research, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JA030166, 2022.
10. McKay, D., Vierinen, J., Kero, A., and Partamies, N., On the determination of ionospheric electron density profiles using multi-frequency riometry, Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 11, 25-35, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-11-25-2022, 2022.
11. Tesema , F., Partamies, N., Whiter, D. K., and Ogawa Y., Types of pulsating aurora: Comparison of model and EISCAT electron density observations, Annales Geophysicae, 40, 1-10, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-1-2022, 2022.
12. Herlingshaw, K., L. Baddeley, K. Oksavik, D. Lorentzen, K. Laundal, (2022), A statistical study of polar cap flow channels observed in both hemispheres using SuperDARN radars, Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate, Volume 12, id.39, 15, https://doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2022037
13. Nosikova, N. S, N.Yagova, L.J. Baddeley, D. Lorentzen, and D. Sormakov (2022), An investigation into the spectral parameters of ultra-low-frequency (ULF) waves in the polar caps and magnetotail, Ann. Geophys., 40, 151-165, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-40-151-2022

1. Henriksen, Marie Bøe; Garrett, Joseph; Johansen, Tor Arne; Sigernes, Fred. (2022). Comparing pre- and post-launch images from the HYPSO-1 cubesat hyperspectral imager. Proceedings of the International Astronautical Congress. https://ntnuopen.ntnu.no/ntnu-xmlui/handle/11250/3052017
2. Henriksen, Bøe; Prentice, Elizabeth; Sigernes, Fred; Johansen, Tor Arne. (2022). Pre-Launch Calibration of the HYPSO-1 Cubesat Hyperspectral Payload. IEEE Aerospace Conference. Proceedings. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9843655
3. L. J. Baddeley, Future of ISR measurements on Svalbard, Joint 20th International EISCAT symposium and 15th International Workshop on Layered Phenomena in the Mesopause Region, Sweden, 2022.
4. I.S.O. Matero, H.H. Christiansen, H. Lihavainen, L. Baddeley, C.J. M. Hoppe, M.J.J.E. Loonen, R. Storvold, V. Vitale and A. Zaborska, Steps forward for SIOS: Synthesis of actions and developments recommended by the research community over the last 4 years for improving regional observations in Svalbard, AGU Fall Meeting, USA, 2022.
5. N. K. Eriksen, D. Lorentzen, K. Oksavik, and L. Baddeley, Creation, Depletion and End of Life of Polar Cap Patches, Joint 20th International EISCAT symposium and 15th International Workshop on Layered Phenomena in the Mesopause Region, Sweden, 2022.
6. A. Goertz, N. Partamies, D. Whiter and L. Baddeley, The Morphology of Poleward Moving Auroral Forms (PMAFs), Joint 20th International EISCAT symposium and 15th International Workshop on Layered Phenomena in the Mesopause Region, Sweden, 2022.
7. D. Huyghebaert, I. Mann, L. Baddeley, M. G. Johnsen, L. Clausen, M. Gausa, D. Lorenzen, K. Oksavik and I. Solheim, EISCAT 3D Norway - An Overview, Joint 20th International EISCAT symposium and 15th International Workshop on Layered Phenomena in the Mesopause Region, Sweden, 2022.
8. J. Dreyer, N. Partamies, D. Whiter, P.G. Ellingsen, L. Baddeley and S. C. Buchert, Characteristics of Fragmented Aurora-like Emissions (FAEs), European Geophysical Union (EGU) meeting, Vienna, Austria, 2022.
9. N. Nosikova, L. Baddeley and N. Yagova, ULF activity in the Magnetotail and magnetospheric transients, 44th COSPAR Scientific Assembly, Athens, Greece, July, 2022.
10. OV Kozyreva, VA Pilipenko, X Shi, EC Bland and L. Baddeley, Polar Cap ULF Pulsations: Coordinated Radar-Magnetometer Observations - Problems of Geocosmos-2020: Proceedings of the XIII International Conference and School, 2022.
11. John c Mann, Gerard J Fasel, Ethan Swonger, Braden Yonano, Camdyn Munger, Sophie Tarditi, Thomas Cleaveland, Arman Manookian, Fred Sigernes and Dag A Lorentzen, Dependence of Auroral Activity on Magnetic Local Time, 2022/12/1, AGU Fall Meeting, 2022.
12. Gerard J Fasel, Dora Csonge, Emma Lake, Abrielle Wang, Lou-Chuang Lee, John c Mann, Fred Sigernes and Dag A Lorentzen, Linear dependence of poleward-moving auroral forms on the solar wind speed, 2022/12/15, AGU Fall Meeting, 2022.
13. Abrielle Wang, Gerard J Fasel, Sophie Tarditi, Julia Pepperdine, Minji Kim, Braden Yonano, John c Mann, Fred Sigernes and Dag A Lorentzen, Dayside Auroral Activity: Extreme and Enhanced Brightening Events (EBEs) Generated by Solar Wind Transients, 2022/12/15, AGU Fall Meeting, 2022.
14. Gerard J Fasel, Gasia Excel, Abrielle Wang, Julia Grace Johnson, Audrey Robison, Lou-Chuang Lee, John c Mann, Fred Sigernes and Dag A Lorentzen, The East-West Brightening Dependence of Multiple Brightening Poleward-Moving Auroral Forms with the Interplanetary Magnetic Field By-Component, 2022/12/15, AGU Fall Meeting, 2022.
15. N. Partamies, D. Whiter, K. Kauristie, Ground-based observations of auroral electron precipitation, talk at 8th International Heppa-Solaris meeting, Bergen, Norway, 2022.

16. E. Bland, T. Bozoki, N. Partamies: Spatial evolution of the substorm energetic electron precipitation region, talk at 8th International Heppa-Solaris meeting, Bergen, Norway, 2022.
17. C. van Hazendonk, E. Heino, P. Jiggers, M. Taylor, N. Partamies, H. Mulders: Cutoff latitudes of solar proton events measured by GPS satellites, talk at 8th International Heppa-Solaris meeting, Bergen, Norway, 2022.
18. A. Goertz, N. Partamies: Reconstruction of the electron precipitation spectrum based on modeling of auroral optical emission tomography, poster at AGU fall meeting, Chicago, USA, 2022.

19. M. Nowada, Y. Miyashita, N. Partamies, A. Degeling, Q. Shi: Auroral morphological changes to the formation of auroral spiral during the late substorm recovery phase, talk at 19th annual meeting of AOGS (online), 2022.
20. N. Partamies, D. Whiter, K. Kauristie, S. Massetti: MLT dependence of auroral peak emission heights, talk at Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory Days, online, 2022.

*Listed presentations and publications do not include all instrumental groups at KHO, only from the KHO crew.