Annual report: The Kjell Henriksen Observatory 2024

Fred Sigernes, Mikko Syrjäsuo, Ida Elen Asklund¹, Kjell Ivar Haugnes, Dag Lorentzen, Noora Partamies, Lisa Baddeley, Katie Herlingshaw, Nina Kristine Eriksen, Charlotte van Hazendonk, Lena Mielke, Stein Haaland, Kjellmar Oksavik and Pål Brekke

The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), Norway
¹ Statsbygg Region North Svalbard, Norway

KHO is the largest hub for optical instruments tuned to detect airglow and aurora in the world. The observatory is the highest infrastructure on Svalbard at an altitude of 525 m above sea level. It is in operation 24/7 the whole year. 21 institutions from 10 nations operate instruments at site.

The observatory is a continuation of research originating from the old Nordlysstasjonen in Adventdalen (1978 - 2007). On 18th of February 2025, it is 17 years ago that the Minister of research and Higher Education Tora Aasland and astronaut Christer Fuglesang officially opened it.

Her Royal Majesty Queen Sonja of Norway has visited us both in 2013 and 2015, which we are very grateful and proud of.

Name	Position
Daily operations
Fred Sigernes	Prof. Optics and Atmospheric Research / Chief KHO / Adjunct Prof. NTNU
Mikko Syrjäsuo	Department Engineer KHO / OFS
Ida Elen Asklund	Operations Manager Statsbygg
Kjell Ivar Haugnes	IT Manager UNIS / KHO
SuperDARN
Dag Arne Lorentzen	Prof. Arctic Geophysics (PI)
Lisa Baddeley	Prof. Space physics - Radar applications (Co-I)
Scientists / Lecturers
Noora Partamies	Prof. Middle Atmos. Physics
Katie Herlingshaw	Researcher Upper Atmos. Physics
Nina Kristine Eriksen	PhD. Candidate Space Physics
Charlotte van Hazendonk	PhD. Candidate Space Physics
Lena Mielke	PhD. Candidate Space Physics
Stein Haaland	Department Leader Geophysics
Adjunct Professors
Kjellmar Oksavik	Adjunct Prof. Space Physics
Pål Brekke	Adjunct Prof. Solar Physics

Table 1. The KHO crew (2024). SuperDARN is abbreviation for the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network radar in Longyearbyen, while OFS means the Operations and Field Safety department at UNIS.

The current crew of KHO is listed above. Fred Sigernes headed and had the daily operational responsibility together with Mikko Syrjäsuo. Ida Elen Asklund is our contacts from the Norwegian Construction and Property Management Department (Statsbygg) in Longyearbyen who owns the building. Kjell Ivar Haugnes is our IT support.

KHO serves as the main laboratory for hands on training and teaching of students in the Space physics group at UNIS. Here they are trained on observational techniques, instrument building and introduced to the state-of-the-art facilities for remote observations of the aurora.

Fig. 1. AGF-223 students track their own CanSat that was launched in October 2024 (Photo Noora Partamies).

Table 2 lists 7 relevant courses in space physics and instrumental techniques tied to the observatory. A grand total of 82.5 ECTS (European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System) is available to the students.

Code	Course name	ECTS
AGF-216	The Stormy Sun and the Northern Lights	5
AGF-301/801	The Upper Polar Atmosphere	15
AGF-304/804	Radar Diagnostics of Space Plasma	15
AGF-345/845	Polar Magnetospheric Substorms	10
AGF-210	The middle polar atmosphere	15
AGF-223	Remote sensing and space instrumentation	15
TTK-4265	Optical Remote Sensing (NTNU)	7.5

Table 2. Courses in (2024).

During the auroral winter season from November to the end of February, 34 optical instruments operate around the clock. The 17 non-optical instruments run all-year-round 24 hours a day.

21 different institutions from 10 nations are present at KHO.

The instruments at KHO are grouped into mainly five categories (##):

(A) All-sky cameras and narrow field of view imagers

(B) Meridian scanning photometers

(C) Spectrometers / Spectrographs

(D) Scanning / imaging interferometers

(E) Radio or non-optical instrument

A detailed description of the performance and the scientific objective of each instrument are found below.

No.	Instrument	Institution	##	Country
1	All-Sky Imager	University of Oslo (UiO)	A	Norway(NO)
2	All-Sky Video Camera	University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS)	A	NO
3	All-Sky Colour Imager	University College London (UCL)	A	England
4	BACC All-Sky Color Camera	UNIS	A	NO
5	Sony A7s All-sky Camera	UNIS	A	NO
6	All-Sky Airglow Camera	UNIS	A	NO
7	Auroral Spectrograph	National Inst. of Polar Research (NIPR)	C	Japan
8	NIR Spectrograph	NIPR	C	Japan
9	NIR Camera	NIPR	A	Japan
10	Spectrographic Imaging Facilities	University of Southampton	C	England
11	Meridian Scanning Photometer	UNIS	B	USA/NO
12	1/2m Black Ebert-Fastie	UNIS	C	USA/NO
13	1/2m White Ebert-Fastie	UiT-The Arctic University of Norway	C	NO
14	1m Silver Ebert-Fastie	UNIS	C	USA/NO
15	1m Green Ebert-Fastie	UNIS	C	USA/NO
16	Fabry-Perot Interferometer	UCL	D	England
17	Scanning Doppler Imager	UCL	D	England
18	Monochromatic Auroral Imager	Polar Research Inst. of China (PRIC)	A	China
19	Single-wave Auroral Imager	PRIC	A	China
20	Fabry-Perot Interferometer	PRIC	D	China
21	All-Sky Airglow Imager	Kyoto University	A	Japan
22	Hyperspectral tracker	UNIS	C	NO
23	All-Sky hyperspectral camera	UNIS	C	NO
24	Celestron 14" Telescope	UNIS	A	NO
25	Narrow field of view sCMOS tracker	UNIS	A	NO
26	MISS 1	UNIS	C	NO
27	MISS 2	UNIS	C	NO
28	The Hot Oxygen Doppler Imager	New Jersey Institute of Technology	D	USA
29	Boreal Auroral Camera Constellation	UNIS	A	NO
30	Fluxgate Magnetometer	UiT	E	NO
31	2-axis Search-coil Magnetometer	Augsburg College and University of New Hampshire	E	USA
32	64-beam Imaging Riometer	UiT	E	NO
33	Auroral Radio Spectrograph	Tohoku University	E	Japan
34	HF acquisition system	Institute of Radio Astronomy / UiT	E	Ukraine
35	Scintillation and TEC receiver	University of Bergen	E	NO
36	Fluxgate Magnetometer	PRIC	E	China
37	Induction Magnetometer	PRIC	E	China
38	Polar Research Ionospheric Doppler Experiment	UNIS/Polish research base Hornsund	E	Poland/NO
39	UCB-GNSS receiver	University of Colorado Boulder	E	USA
40	Receiver station for Weak Signal Propagation Reporter (WSPR)	UiO	E	NO
41	Aurora All-Sky Camera	Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI)	A	Korea
42	Fabry-Perot Interferometer	KOPRI	D	Korea
43	Induction Magnetometer	Kyoto University	E	Japan
44	Outdoor All-Sky Camera unit	PRIC	A	China
45	2 x Tracker cameras	UNIS	A	NO
46	Internet radio link-Janssonhaugen	NORSAR	E	NO
47	UHF Ground station	National Institute for Aeronautics	E	Indonesia
48	UHF Ground station	Technische Universität Berlin	E	Germany
49	VHF base station	Kongsberg Satellite Service AS	E	NO
50	Automatic weather station	UNIS	E	NO
51	WEB cameras (safety)	UNIS	A	NO

Table 3. Instruments at KHO (2024).

#	Institution	Code	Instruments
1	University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS)	NO	18
2	UiT-The Arctic University of Norway	NO	3
3	University of Oslo (UiO)	NO	2
4	University of Bergen	NO	1
5	NORSAR	NO	1
6	Kongsberg Satellite Service AS	NO	1
7	Augsburg College	US	1
8	University of New Hampshire	US	-
9	University of Colorado Boulder	US	1
10	New Jersey Institute of Technology	US	1
11	University College London (UCL)	UK	3
12	University of Southampton	UK	1
13	National Inst. of Polar Research (NIPR)	JP	3
14	Kyoto University	JP	2
15	Tohoku University	JP	1
16	Polar Research Inst. of China (PRIC)	CN	6
17	Korea Polar Research Institute	KR	2
18	Institute of Radio Astronomy	UA	1
19	Polish research base Hornsund	PL	1
20	National Institute for Aeronautics	ID	1
21	Technische Universitat Berlin	DE	1
	Total:	10	51

Table 4. Groups and number of instruments in 2024 .

Figure 3 shows a map of where the instruments are located. Tables 3-4 lists all according to institution and category (##). Note that out of 30 instrument domes; 2 are currently not in use.

The Principal Investigators (PIs) of each instrumental group have been informed according to contracts that the annual accommodation fee is raised to 25k NOK for each instrumental unit / module effective from January 2025. The fee will be adjusted on a yearly base according to the Consumer Price Index (CPI) from Statistics Norway and any adjustments imposed by the owner Statsbygg - the Norwegian government building commissioner at Svalbard.

Major repairs and maintenance of the observatory have been conducted in 2024. New domes from Talbot design are finally installed, and no water leaks are reported. New heat panels and the door leading to the platform have been replaced. The latter was damaged by water. The new door is made of metal.

Two urgent items still remain to be fixed. First, the fresh water supply tubes are made of copper and needs to be replaced with stainless steel tubes in order to prevent future erosion and water leaks. This is highly recommended back in 2020 by the chief technician Espen Helgesen at the EISCAT Svalbard radar, where eroded copper pipes caused extensive water damage.

Secondly, the battery bank was up for a major 10-year service in 2022. All 256 6V cells were replaced by new ones to secure service lifetime guarantee by the supplier, Schneider Electric. The UPS electronics rack is recommended to be upgraded since spare parts are now not available anymore.

We recommend to install a diesel emergency generator to secure the battery bank from total drain due to the increasing frequency in unexpected external power failures. One other option could be to connect to the EISCAT emergency generator. This remains to be discussed before a final decision is made.

Black CMOS aurora On 9th of January, we tested a Black silicon CMOS development kit from the company SIONYX for the first time. A snapshot image of a low intensity (1-2 kR) red colored post noon auroral arc was identified as soon as we turned the system on. The camera operated at impressive 90 frames / second with only 11 msec exposure time. The test is part of the new design of a Near Infra-Red (NIR) hyperspectral imager. See more info here. 9 January, 2024

Professor Lisa Baddeley! Salute! We congratulate Lisa on becoming a full Professor in Space physics at the Geophysical department at UNIS. She has become a top dog in experimental radar applications. Well done, Lisa! 26 January, 2024

Extreme Geomagnetic storm (G5)! Five Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) from an extremely hyperactive sunspot region of the Sun (AR3664) crashed into our atmosphere in the late evening of 10th of May. Their arrival was immediately detected by our non-optical instruments. In addition, our Norwegian satellites HYPSO-1, NORSAT-TD and SelfieSat-1 lost up to 2 km of altitude during the event. According to radio amateur Stig Onarheim, HF radio communication was totally blocked, and hut owner Sverre Mejlœnder-Larsen at Vindodden reported extreme low internet connectivity to Starlink. Way South, jaw-dropping auroras were observed during dark sky night conditions. Read Stein Haaland's Svalbardposten feature article here. 15 May, 2024

New dome work in progress... The work continues to replace our domes that have been water leaking. In addition, LNS Spitsbergen has come up with a solution on how to mount our sun protective aluminum dome covers. This will be tested, and if necessary improved before the next dark season starts. 14 June, 2024

Summer has arrived! As a local tradition, it is finally summer when the stem of the Champagne glass is broken. Or, when the snow melts across the steep downhill, located just to the right of the hilltop named Tenoren. Seen from Longyearbyen, it is shaped as a Champagne glass on the westward facing mountain side of The Opera Mountain. It happened today! Click on left icon to view full resolution. 18 June, 2024

Cloud study Student Alessandro Marocco from ENS in Paris has validated the Aurora Cloud Sensor III. The conclusion is that we can use a threshold clarity value to reliably differentiate between cloudy and clear sky conditions. The threshold is found not changing significantly from year to year over the period of data collection since 2016. Validation data were manually labelled auroral all-sky images and total cloudiness from the airport. Read report here. 10 July, 2024

HYPSO-2 launched! The Viking Saga needs an update! Today the NTNU HYPSO-2 satellite was launched successfully by the Space X Transporter 11 rideshare mission from Vandenberg in California. The satellite contains an upgraded version of our Hyper Spectral Imager version 6 (HSI V6) that flies with the HYPSO-1 satellite. The instrumental design is developed at KHO. Salute! We are now space born for the second time! Read NASA Space Flight (NSF) article here. See Space X launch video. Download HYPSO-2 sticker 15 August, 2024

Life on Earth? The results from the Endurance rocket launch from Ny-Ålesund back in May 2022 is now published in Nature. The rocket measured high altitude electric fields. These fields are fortunately too weak for the atmosphere to escape into space. The magnetic field of Earth protect our atmosphere from the solar wind, and life can exist. Read Haaland and Baddeley's feature article in Svalbardposten. 9 September, 2024

Good morning Norway Our very own Prof. II, Pål Brekke explains the aurora on the norwegian TV2 news channel show named 'God morgen Norge'. Note that the visualizations and graphics are stunnnig. Well done Pål! See interview here. 27 September, 2024

Wake up! Norway is on the verge of becoming a top dog in small satellite construction with the launch of the HYPSO-2 hyper spectral imager into orbit. It is time to visualize a new upcoming space industry with unprecedented potential, if we dare to jump. See Svalbardposten feature article. 2 October, 2024

UNIS teams up with the Fram 2 mission Fram 2 astronauts including the Norwegian filmmaker Jannicke Mikkelsen Team Up with UNIS Space Physicists and Citizen Scientists. It is the first human space mission to travel around the Earth's polar regions. Dr Katie Herlingshaw coordinates the SolarMax Citizen Scientist project which aims to support the mission with simultaneous auroral ground data. More information here. 10 October, 2024

Skibotn Astrophysical Observatory Professor Jan-Erik Solheim has compiled the history of the legendary Skibotn Astrophysical Observatory (1971-2002) and how it has evolved since then. The article is in Norwegian. Read history here. 1 November, 2024

Master Nicolas! Congratulate to Nicolas Mathieu Vincent Martinez who has successfully defended his Master thesis at Luleå Technical University (LTU) and UNIS. He has documented and programed the new Meridian Imaging Svalbard Spectrograph no. 2 (MISS 2). We are very pleased with his work and look forward to testing it on aurora. Read thesis here. 9 December, 2024

First test of MISS 2 We are happy to present Jesse Delbressine work on optimalization and initial dark sky test of the Meridian Imaging Svalbard Spectrograph 2 (MISS 2). He installed and made the instrument operational at KHO. Thanks Jesse! Read report here. 30 December, 2024

Five new instruments have been installed at KHO in 2024. Kyoto university installed an induction magnetometer. The Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI) operates a new Fabry-Perot interferometer. The Univeristy of Oslo (UiO) installed a Receiver station for Weak Signal Propagation Reporter (WSRP) and UNIS is testing an upgraded version of the Meridian Imaging Svalbard Spectrograph (MISS). The Polar Research Institute of China (PRIC) is also testing a new outdoor All-Sky Camera system on the platform.

Both wavelength and radiometric calibrations are carried out in the Optical lab at UNIS. The lab is an essential part of KHO operations including future instrumental development and student projects.

Our knowledge in hyperspectral imaging has been exported to the NTNU Small Satellite Lab. An improved version of the Hyper Spectral Imager version 6 (HSI v6) is the main payload of the HYPSO-2 (HYPer-spectral Smallsat for ocean Observation 2) satellite. It was launched successfully by the Space X Transporter 11 rideshare mission from Vandenberg in California on August 15, 2024.

Furthermore, prototype work has started to design a Long-range hyperspectral imager with focus on higher spatial resolution. A Near Infra-Red (NIR) instrument is also planned for atmospheric correction of the data. These instruments are candidates for the main payload of the proposed HYPSO-3 satellite.

Finally, the new impropved Longyearbyen Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (LYR-SuperDARN) radar became operational last year. The radar has been running nominally with a 24/7 operational schedule since 9 December 2024.

Two virtual Windows 2019 servers have been installed to replace our old Windows 2012 R2 server at UNIS. The WEB server now uses the https protocol with encrypted communication. New network switches are installed and operational. Note that the blue pipeline still needs to be implemented. All users of the observatory have been notified of the new data regime.

The access to data from KHO is open with lots of quick looks and instrumental snapshots in real-time on the WEB server. Raw data is restricted and available on requests to the PIs of the instruments. Data from UNIS owned instruments are archived to the Norwegian National e-Infrastructure for Research Data (NIRD), UNINETT Sigma 2, using the project Svalbard Space Physics Storage for long-term storage.

The second level of processing raw data is in many cases event based and conducted by students or associated researcher. It requires deep instrumental knowledge, training and programming skills, something our students learn through our courses.

Numerous presentations, visits and interviews have been conducted at KHO over the years. The Aurora Forecast 3D app is rated as 4.3 by 261 reviewers and has reached over 100k+ downloads on Google Play for Android. On Apple iOS phones it is rated 4 with 1k+ users. The app is believed to be popular mainly in the auroral tourist industry and in the amateur radio community. The Facebook page for KHO has 1.7k+ followers.

Students from Svalbard Folkehøyskole have also visited us on several occasions where we have presented our work in the Space physics group at UNIS.

The main purpose of KHO is to study processes in the magnetospheric cusp all the way throughout the polar cap boundary. Or in other words, what are the effects of the interaction between the Sun and the magnetosphere on our atmosphere? The unique location and the multi-disciplinary instrumental infrastructure such as radars and optics enable us to study the whole atmospheric vertical column to obtain a better understanding of space- and planetary weather.

A vital key in this concept is to upgrade, develop and compare instruments as novel technology and knowledge emerge. Therefore, the aim is to strengthen the co-operation with our existing groups and invite new ones. We wish to be upfront as an attractive partner to large scale rocket and satellite campaigns both on the instrumental and observational side.

The access to internal UNIS research funding is very important. It enables us to preserve the instrumental momentum and helps us keep track of new technology as it arrives. It seeds our research plans and proposals and is therefore strategically important to us. This must not be underestimated compared to our external funding which is more tied up or locked to predefined proposal tasks.

The threats to KHO remain unchanged as identified in the last five-yearly reports. The main threat is the lifetime of Mine 7, which was expected to operate for a maximum of 15 more years. The Norwegian Government decided in October 2023 to outsource coal as fuel for the power plant in Longyearbyen. Consequently, SNSK will close production by summer 2025. This forces us to evaluate and discuss several scenarios up front.

One immediate question arises: who will fund and maintain the road up to the observatory?

Note that the state of the road from the foot of the mountain and up to Mine 7 is good with new guardrails. The overall situation has become uncertain and forces us to think on how to adapt to the new state of affairs and politics to secure KHO.

If we stay co- located with the EISCAT Svalbard radar, the access to the mountain keeping the road up the mountain open all year, will most probably increase the operational costs. If we must move due to light pollution, then we will need a new road and infrastructure further away from Longyearbyen and Bolterdalen. One alternative could be to move deep into Adventdalen. Note that this is not compatible with the environmental plan to make inner Adventdalen a conservation area.

The second threat for our operation is the growing number of dog yards by the foot of the mountain and the increasing light pollution they produce. When driving from Longyearbyen into Adventdalen the illumination from these yards look like a small city. This was not the case when we built KHO back in 2008. Numerous attempts through Svalbardposten to encourage to at least turn OFF lights when they are not in use have failed. Dialog is not working even though we have a political consensus from the local government that light pollution should be kept to a minimum. An action plan is needed, or KHO will have to move if the situation continues.

It is a paradox that the tourist industry does not seem to understand the value of dark skies and aurora.

The third, and future concern for our operation is that the local government plans to install a 48-meter-high weather station mast on top of Breinosa to study wind and icing conditions in 10 years for a possible future wind power plant. See article in Svalbardposten. The mast is promised to be without a navigation light on top since it will be too close to the field of view of our camera systems. Direct or even atmospheric scattered lamp light in the vicinity of the observatory will destroy our measurements.

In general, the project is characterized by an unrealistic optimism that the wind condition on Svalbard is stable and strong enough to have efficient wind power. The memory of the local politicians seems to lack the fact that KSAT abounded the plans to use wind power on Platåberget after extensive weather mast measurements for one year in 2003/04 by Kjeller Vindteknikk (KVT/FKN/2004/008) - commissioned by Svalbard Samfunnsdrift (SSD). The wind was too unstable and weak for efficient energy production. This was later confirmed by an internal report from UNIS of the weather conditions at Breinosa close to the observatory (2007 - 2010).

In addition, we now know that extreme icing condititions may occur, since it destroyed our SuperDARN radar back in 2018. On the 2 km long, 10 mm diameter ropes that support and keep the masts standing upright, a circular ice cover was formed with a diameter of approximately 50 mm. The total accumulated extra ice mass corresponds to about 20,000 kg, which collapsed the whole radar. The effect was caused by an invasion of super cooled droplets. This does not occur every year, but it does happen!

A future windmill park with navigation lights on top on Breinosa is completely incompatible with KHO existence. It will destroy our light sensitive measurements of aurora and airglow. Furthermore, a windmill within the line-of-sight of the SuperDARN radar will essentially render the radar useless as it receives signals from electrons in the ionosphere. The same applies for the EISCAT radar. A large rotating metal blade in our field of view is not something that can be dealt with.

We will follow the local governments plan to install a windmill park on Breinosa with Argus eyes!

Our concerns should be taken seriously in order to secure our mandate from the Norwegian Parliament to operate an auroral observatory and respect the taxpayer's contribution.

It is a crowing concern that we do not have enough hands-on deck for daily operations at the observatory. Note that the Chief of KHO is not getting any younger. The engineer works 25% for SuperDARN and 25% for KHO. The rest 50% is appointed to OFS. The latter does not work in favor for us since time is prioritized to safety courses and teaching at UNIS. The net result was low engineer support in December and January, which is our prime observational season. If we compare us to other arctic stations, which in most cases has at least two 100% technical support positions, it is clear that we are undermanned. The sharing of engineering position with OFS is in other words not optimal.

The activity at the KHO has been high in 2024. The observatory has been fully operative since the start of the optical season in November. It is attractive to the space science community with 21 external groups from 10 nations present. 5 new instruments are installed and a new improved SuperDARN radar is now fully operational. The major highlight was Lisa Baddely appointment to full Professor in Space physics. 4 students used our facilities and data, essential to their graduation. We need more hands-on deck for daily operations.

1. Remy Guillermin, Summer Internship UNIS, Comparison between observed and modelled ionospheric electron densities, University Grenoble Alps, France, May-August 2024.
2. Alessandro Marocco, Synthesis report, Cloud sensor data validation with manually labelled all-sky images and weather measurements, Departement de Geosciences, Ecole Normale Superieure Paris and UNIS, July 2024.
3. Nicolas Martinez, Master, The Meridian Imaging Svalbard Spectrograph 2: Enhancing Auroral Tracking Capacities, Luleå Technical University (LTU) and UNIS, December 2024.
4. Jesse Delbressine, 3MA15 External Internship Applied Physics, Operationalize The Meridian Imaging Svalbard Spectrograph (MISS) II, Eindhoven University of Technology and UNIS, November 2024.

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11. Enengl, F., Spogli, L., Kotova, D., Jin, Y., Oksavik, K., Partamies, N., and Miloch, W., Investigation of Ionospheric Small-Scale Plasma Structures associated with Particle Precipitation, Space Weather, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023SW003605
12. Christiansen, H. H., Matero, I. S. O., Baddeley, L., Holmen, K., Hoppe, C. J. M., Loonen, M. J. J. E., Storvold, R., Vitale, V., Zaborska, A., and Lihavainen, H.: Developing the Svalbard Integrated Arctic Earth Observing System (SIOS), Earth Syst. Dynam., 15, 933-946, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-15-933-2024
13. Herlingshaw, K., Lach, D., Dayton-Oxland, R., Bruus, E., Karvinen, E., Ledvina, V., Partamies, N., Grandin, M., Spijkers, M., Nishimura, Y., Knudsen, D., Ladbrook, L., Martinis, C., Gallardo-Lacourt, B., Dyer, A., Mielke, L., Ratzlaff, C., Evans, L., Helin, M., Kuzub, J., Barthelemy, M., Thomas, N., Glad, M., Donovan, E., Syrjäsuo, M., Cordon, S., Andersen, J., and Legg, C. (2024). ARCTICS Aurora Field Guide and Handbook for Citizen Science. Zenodo, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13931939,
    HTML version: https://kherli.github.io/Aurora-Field-Guide-And-Handbook/.

1. Stein Haaland, Gigantisk solstorm ga nordlys i Sveits. Merket vi noe på Svalbard?, Svalbardposten, 21 May 2024.
2. Stein Haaland og Lisa Baddeley, Rakett fra Svalbard løser viktig gåte, Svalbardposten, 9 September 2024.
3. Fred Sigernes, Våkn opp! Det er på tide å bygge satellitter!, Svalbardposten, 2 Oktober 2024.

1. Fred Sigernes, Joseph Garrett, Roger Birkeland, Henrik Øvrebø, Håvard Brovold, Sivert Bakken, Torbjørn Skauli and Tor Arne Johansen, A Near Infra-Red Hyper Spectral Imager, 21st International EISCAT Symposium & The 48th Annual European Meeting on Atmospheric by Optical Methods, Tromsø, Norway, 29 July - 3 August 2024.
2. Nicolas Martinez, Fred Sigernes, Mikko Syrjäsuo, Dag Lorentzen, The New Meridian Imaging Spectrograph no. 2: Towards Improved Capacities, 21st International EISCAT Symposium & The 48th Annual European Meeting on Atmospheric by Optical Methods, Tromsø, Norway, 29 July - 3 August 2024.
3. Takanori Nishiyama, Masato Kagitani, Yuki Iwasa, Yasunobu Ogawa, Noora Partamies, Takuo T. Tsuda, Peter Dalin, and Fred Sigernes, Short-wavelength infrared auroral spectroscopy and imaging observations at 1.1 um in the Kjell Henriksen Observatory, Longyearbyen (78.1N, 16.0E), 21st International EISCAT Symposium & The 48th Annual European Meeting on Atmospheric by Optical Methods, Tromsø, Norway, 29 July - 3 August 2024.
4. Charlotte M. van Hazendonk, Lisa Baddeley, Karl M. Laundal, and Jorge L. Chau, Detection and Energy Dissipation of ULF Waves in the Polar Ionosphere: A Case Study Using the EISCAT Radar, 21st International EISCAT Symposium & The 48th Annual European Meeting on Atmospheric by Optical Methods, Tromsø, Norway, 29 July - 3 August 2024.
5. L. Baddeley, L. Clausen, J. Chau, S. Satori, The Polar Geospace Observatory - a new facility for Svalbard?, Meeting the Challenges of Limited Observations for the Global Modelling of the Ionosphere-Thermosphere System, Royal Astronomical Society, UK, 8th March 2024.
6. L. Baddeley, Educational Opportunities for Students at the University Centre in Svalbard, IRAP, Toulouse, 26 Nov 2024.
7. Nina K. Eriksen, Dag A. Lorentzen, Lisa J. Baddeley, Kjellmar Oksavik, Kazuo Shiokawa , Keisuke Hosokawa, Asti Bhatt, and Leslie Lamarche, Multi-Scale and Multi-Instrumental Observations of a Decaying Airglow Patch, 21st International EISCAT Symposium & The 48th Annual European Meeting on Atmospheric by Optical Methods, Tromsø, Norway, 29 July - 3 August 2024.

*Listed presentations and publications do not include contributions from all instrumental groups, only those where KHO crew participate.